Open Access
ENHANCED IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY: LSB SUBSTITUTION WITH RUN-LENGTH ENCODED SECRET DATA
4
Department of Computer Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Abstract
Image steganography has emerged as a vital technique for secure communication by concealing sensitive information within innocuous digital media. This study proposes an enhanced image steganography method that integrates Least Significant Bit (LSB) substitution with run-length encoding (RLE) of the secret data to improve embedding efficiency and reduce detectability. By applying run-length encoding prior to embedding, the secret message is compressed, enabling a greater volume of information to be hidden within the cover image while maintaining minimal perceptual distortion. The proposed approach adaptively selects embedding regions based on local image characteristics to further increase imperceptibility and robustness against steganalysis. Experimental results demonstrate that the method achieves higher peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM) compared to conventional LSB substitution techniques without compression. This research highlights the potential of combining data compression and adaptive embedding strategies to advance the state of image steganography, offering a practical solution for secure data hiding in modern digital communication environments.
Keywords
Image steganography,
LSB substitution,
Run-length encoding,
Data hiding
References
Kohei Arai. (2000). Fundamental Theory on Wavelet Analysis. Morikita Shuppan Publishing Co. Ltd.
Kohei Arai. (2006). Self Learning on Wavelet Analysis. Kindai-Kagakusha Publishing Co. Ltd.
Kohei Arai & Kaname Seto. (2002). Data hiding method based on MultiResolution Analysis (MRA). Visualization Society of Japan, 22(Suppl. No.1), 229–232.
Kohei Arai & Kaname Seto. (2005). Data hiding method with coordinate conversion in feature space. Visualization Society of Japan, 25(Suppl. No.1), 55–58.
Kohei Arai & Kaname Seto. (2007). Improvement of invisibility of secret images embedded in circulate images based on MRA with coordinate conversion and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Journal of Image and Electronics Society of Japan, 36(5), 665–673.
Kohei Arai & Kaname Seto. (2009). Improvement of invisibility of secret images embedded in circulate images based on MRA with scanning scheme conversion. Visualization Society of Japan, 29(Suppl. No.1), 167–170.
Kohei Arai. (2010). Improvement of security and invisibility of secret images embedded in circulate images based on MRA. Report of RIMS - Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences Kyoto University, ISSN188-2818, No.1684, 93–113.
Mallat, S., & Zhong, S. (1992). Characterization of signals from multiscale edges. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 14, 710–732.
Kohei Arai. (2013). Method for data hiding based on Legall 5/2 (Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau: CDF 5/3) wavelet with data compression and random scanning of secret imagery data. International Journal of Wavelets Multiresolution and Information Processing, 11(4), Article B60006, 1–18. DOI:10.1142/S0219691313600060.
Kohei Arai & Yuji Yamada. (2012). Improvement of secret image invisibility in distribute image with dyadic wavelet based data hiding with run-length coded secret images of which location of codes are determined with random number. International Journal of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence (IJARAI), Special Issue on Artificial Intelligence, 33–40.
Vision Lab, Kyoto University. (2011). Image Database. Retrieved March 11, 2011, from http://vision.kuee.kyotou.ac.jp/IUE/IMAGE_DATABASE/STD_IMAGES/
Kohei Arai & Leland Jameson. (2001). Earth Observation Satellite Data Analysis Based on Wavelet Analysis. Morikita-Shuppan Publishing Co. Ltd.
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Chinedu Emmanuel Okafor, Intelligent Healthcare Systems Powered by Large Language Models: Applications, Limitations, and Emerging Research Perspectives , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 3 No. 09 (2026): Volume 03 Issue 09
- Dr Adrian Morrow, Dynamic AI Based Credit Scoring and Alternative Data Driven Risk Governance in Digital Lending Platforms , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 2 No. 11 (2025): Volume 02 Issue 11
- Prof. Kai O. Chen, DEVELOPING AND VALIDATING A COMPREHENSIVE DISCOURSE ANNOTATION GUIDELINE FOR LOW-RESOURCE LANGUAGES , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 2 No. 10 (2025): Volume 02 Issue 10
- Dr. Samuel Moyo, OPTIMIZING ADAPTIVE NEURO-FUZZY SYSTEMS FOR ENHANCED PHISHING DETECTION , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 2 No. 05 (2025): Volume 02 Issue 05
- Eko Purnomo, Rendra Alfiansyah, A Dynamic Nexus: Integrating Big Data Analytics and Distributed Computing for Real-Time Risk Management of Derivatives Portfolios , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 2 No. 10 (2025): Volume 02 Issue 10
- Mr. Mohit Sahu, An Efficient Deep Learning Framework Model for High-Accuracy Image Visual Classification , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 3 No. 07 (2026): Volume 03 Issue 07
- Liang Wu, Anita Sari, PYCD-LINGAM: A PYTHON FRAMEWORK FOR CAUSAL INFERENCE WITH NON-GAUSSIAN LINEAR MODELS , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 2 No. 07 (2025): Volume 02 Issue 07
- Bima Satria Nugraha, Professor Anindya larasati, Dr. Huỳnh Chí Dũng, Assessing The Interoperability And Semantic Readiness Of BIM And IFC Data For AI Integration In The Architecture, Engineering, And Construction Industry: A Systematic Review , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 2 No. 11 (2025): Volume 02 Issue 11
- Dr. Elena Petrova, Prof. David J. Hernandez, MACHINE LEARNING MODEL IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES AND PREDICTIVE FACTORS FOR PREECLAMPSIA FORECASTING: A REVIEW , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 1 No. 01 (2024): Volume 01 Issue 01
- Qi Xin, DEEP LEARNING FOR E‑COMMERCE RECOMMENDATIONS: CAPTURING LONG- AND SHORT-TERM USER PREFERENCES WITH CNN-BASED REPRESENTATION LEARNING , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 2 No. 08 (2025): Volume 02 Issue 08
Similar Articles
- Isabella Rossi, Elena Petrova, LEVERAGING QUANTUM CONVOLUTIONAL LAYERS FOR ENHANCED IMAGE CLASSIFICATION: AN EXAMINATION OF QUANVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 2 No. 06 (2025): Volume 02 Issue 06
- Mr. Mohit Sahu, An Efficient Deep Learning Framework Model for High-Accuracy Image Visual Classification , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 3 No. 07 (2026): Volume 03 Issue 07
- Dr. Hannah Brown, Ahmed Al-Farsi, BRIDGING DEEP LEARNING AND ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS: A PERFORMANCE STUDY ON CIFAR-10 IMAGE CLASSIFICATION , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 2 No. 03 (2025): Volume 02 Issue 03
- Dr. Alexei V. Morozov, Dr. Elena S. Petrova, Identification of Harmful Programs Using a Fusion of Deep Feature Extraction Networks and Context-Aware Sequential Modeling Techniques , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 3 No. 04 (2026): Volume 03 Issue 04
- Agus Santoso, Siti Nurhayati, ALGORITHMIC GUARANTEES FOR HIERARCHICAL DATA GROUPING: INSIGHTS FROM AVERAGE LINKAGE, BISECTING K-MEANS, AND LOCAL SEARCH HEURISTICS , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 2 No. 02 (2025): Volume 02 Issue 02
- Dr. James William Carter, Dr. Emily Rose Thompson, A Hybrid Quantum–Classical Deep Learning Approach for Image Recognition: Performance Analysis of Quanvolution-Based Convolutional Models , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 3 No. 06 (2026): Volume 03 Issue 06
- Dr. Jianhong Liu, Dr. Meilin Zhou, A Machine Learning–Driven Framework for Multi-Temporal Flood Inundation Mapping and Spatial Analysis in Kolhapur, India Using SAR Remote Sensing Observations , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 3 No. 07 (2026): Volume 03 Issue 07
- Mr. Madhav Sharma, Prediction of Heart Disease Using Ensemble Machine Learning Techniques , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 3 No. 09 (2026): Volume 03 Issue 09
- Dr. Tashi Wangchuk, Karma Lhendup, Data-Driven Model Supporting Defect Analysis through Vision Techniques in Press-Formed Vehicle Components , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 3 No. 04 (2026): Volume 03 Issue 04
- Mr. Ram Pratap Singh, An Intelligent Machine Learning Framework for Customer Churn Prediction in CRM Systems , International Journal of Intelligent Data and Machine Learning: Vol. 3 No. 07 (2026): Volume 03 Issue 07
1-10 of 56
Next
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.