This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the historical developments in peace and conflict resolution studies, tracing the evolution of theoretical frameworks, methodologies, and practical applications from their inception to the present day. The study highlights key milestones and paradigms that have shaped the field, including the influence of major historical events, the emergence of new theoretical perspectives, and the impact of interdisciplinary approaches. Through a detailed examination of foundational theories such as realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives, as well as contemporary developments in peacebuilding and conflict transformation, the paper illustrates how the discipline has responded to the changing dynamics of global conflicts. By analyzing the contributions of prominent scholars and practitioners, this work aims to provide insights into the ongoing challenges and opportunities within peace and conflict resolution studies. Ultimately, the paper seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of how historical contexts have informed current practices and future directions in the field.

In Nigerian tertiary institutions, the interplay between cultural and religious norms often intersects with personal expression, particularly concerning dress codes. For Muslim female students, adherence to modest dressing is both a cultural and religious imperative. However, recent observations suggest an increase in indecent dressing practices that challenge traditional modesty standards. This study aims to explore the issues surrounding indecent dressing among Muslim female students in Nigerian higher education institutions and to examine how these practices impact their identity and adherence to religious and cultural norms.

A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. The survey collected data from X Muslim female students across Y tertiary institutions, focusing on their dressing habits, perceptions of modesty, and the influences affecting their dress choices. In-depth interviews provided additional insights into personal experiences and cultural pressures. Data analysis included statistical evaluation of survey responses and thematic analysis of interview transcripts. The study revealed a significant trend of deviations from traditional modest dressing among Muslim female students. Factors influencing these changes included increased exposure to global fashion trends, peer pressure, and a perceived disconnect between personal identity and religious expectations. Many participants reported feeling conflicted between maintaining religious modesty and conforming to contemporary fashion standards. The study also highlighted variations in dress code enforcement and support within different institutions.

The intersection of religion and citizenship plays a crucial role in promoting peace within diverse societies. This study examines how religious beliefs and practices intersect with concepts of citizenship to foster social cohesion and conflict resolution. Through a multidisciplinary approach, including qualitative interviews, case studies, and literature review, we explore various ways in which faith-based initiatives contribute to peacebuilding efforts. Our findings reveal that religious institutions and leaders often serve as mediators in conflicts, promote interfaith dialogue, and encourage civic responsibility among their congregations. Additionally, religious teachings frequently emphasize values such as compassion, justice, and reconciliation, which align with the principles of effective citizenship and social harmony. This research highlights both the potential and the challenges of leveraging religious frameworks in peacebuilding processes, offering insights into how faith-based approaches can complement secular efforts in creating more inclusive and peaceful communities. The study concludes with recommendations for integrating religious perspectives into peacebuilding strategies and policy-making, aiming to enhance collaborative efforts for sustainable peace and civic engagement.

The Syrian War, which has spanned over a decade, has emerged as a focal point in the global discussion on the intersection of migration, terrorism, and international security. This paper explores the Syrian conflict through the lens of Samuel Huntington’s “Clash of Civilizations” theory, analyzing how cultural and religious divides have fueled the war and its global ramifications. The war’s impact on migration has been profound, triggering one of the largest refugee crises in history, while also leading to the rise of radicalized terrorist groups. These factors, in turn, have influenced international security policies and shaped global responses to both migration and terrorism. By examining the roots of the conflict, its migration-related challenges, and the terrorist activities it has spawned, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Syrian war as a critical case study in the clash between Western and non-Western civilizations. The study also discusses the broader implications for global security, emphasizing the importance of understanding cultural and civilizational dynamics in conflict resolution and policy formulation.

Language barriers significantly impede access to domestic violence services for non-English speaking individuals, leading to underreporting, inadequate support, and poorer outcomes for victims. This study investigates the impact of language barriers on domestic violence intervention and explores strategies to enhance access to services for individuals facing linguistic challenges. Through a combination of qualitative interviews with service providers, analysis of existing support frameworks, and case studies from diverse communities, the research identifies key obstacles and effective practices for overcoming these barriers. Findings reveal that language barriers not only hinder victims' ability to seek help but also affect the quality of support provided by service organizations. Strategies such as employing multilingual staff, utilizing translation services, and creating culturally sensitive outreach programs are highlighted as effective measures to improve accessibility. The study also underscores the importance of integrating language access policies into domestic violence prevention and response systems. By addressing these barriers, the research aims to promote more equitable and effective support for all victims of domestic violence, regardless of their language proficiency.

The post-war resettlement of Northern Muslims in Sri Lanka represents a complex and multifaceted challenge in the aftermath of prolonged ethnic conflict. The end of the civil war in 2009 marked a significant turning point, yet the resettlement process has been fraught with difficulties for the displaced Muslim community, who have faced unique obstacles in rebuilding their lives and integrating into their former communities. This study aims to explore the experiences and challenges encountered by Northern Muslims during their resettlement in Sri Lanka following the end of the civil war. It seeks to understand the socio-economic, political, and cultural factors influencing their reintegration and to identify the key issues affecting their journey towards stability and recovery.