A Comprehensive Review of Microplastic Pollution in Inland Aquatic Ecosystems of India: Sources, Distribution, Ecological Risks, And Policy Interventions
Keywords:
Microplastic, Inland Waters, India, River Pollution, Wastewater, Policy Implementation, Ecological RiskAbstract
Introduction: Microplastic (MP) pollution poses a substantial and rapidly escalating threat to global aquatic ecosystems. In India, the vast network of inland aquatic systems (IAS), critical for both ecology and human sustenance, faces unique challenges due to high population density and inconsistent waste management. This comprehensive review synthesizes the current knowledge on MP contamination within Indian IAS, focusing on sources, distribution, ecological risks, and the efficacy of current policy interventions. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted, synthesizing data on MP occurrence from major Indian rivers (e.g., Ganga, Yamuna) and lakes. The review standardized heterogeneous sampling and quantification data to identify consistent trends. Results: MP concentrations in Indian IAS demonstrate a strong correlation with urbanization density, often registering high levels dominated by Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP) fragments and fibers, linked to single-use plastics and domestic effluent. The primary source is identified as diffuse land-based pollution and inadequate wastewater treatment. Ecologically, MPs serve as vectors for adsorbed contaminants and have been documented in various Indian aquatic biota, suggesting potential for trophic transfer. Discussion and Conclusion: While national policies, such as the Plastic Waste Management Rules, are established, a critical implementation deficit at the local governance level hinders effective control. Future efforts must focus on decentralized, technology-driven waste solutions, standardized national monitoring, and rigorous enforcement of Extended Producer Responsibility to effectively mitigate the growing peril of MP pollution in India's vital freshwater resources.
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