Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as a pivotal technology for diverse applications, enabling ubiquitous data collection and environmental monitoring. Comprising spatially distributed autonomous devices, WSNs present unique challenges in terms of their architectural design, power management, and inherent security vulnerabilities. This review synthesizes extant literature to explore the fundamental system architectures, critical design considerations for extending network lifetime, and essential security protocols integral to robust WSN deployment and operation. By examining established research, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the foundational principles and ongoing challenges in engineering reliable and secure wireless sensor systems, informing future research and practical implementations in various domains from environmental monitoring to emergency response.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Network architecture, Security protocols

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