Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are widely recognized for their crucial role in angiogenesis and vascular function. However, recent research has expanded our understanding of VEGFs beyond their classical involvement in blood vessel formation. Studies indicate that VEGFs may also play a significant role in the central nervous system (CNS), influencing neuronal development, function, and survival. This article explores the impact of VEGFs on neuronal structure and function, focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying VEGF signaling in neurons. We examine the evidence for VEGF-mediated neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and synaptic plasticity, and highlight the potential therapeutic applications of targeting VEGF pathways in neurological diseases.