Natural-draught furnaces are widely used in various industrial applications, but achieving optimal combustion efficiency remains a challenge due to inherent design constraints and variability in fuel properties. This study explores the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to enhance combustion processes in natural-draught furnaces. By employing CFD simulations, we analyze the flow dynamics, temperature distribution, and combustion characteristics within the furnace. The study focuses on adjusting key parameters, such as airflow rates and burner configurations, to optimize combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. The results demonstrate significant improvements in combustion performance, including better fuel utilization and lower pollutant levels. This approach offers valuable insights for optimizing natural-draught furnace operations, contributing to more efficient and environmentally friendly industrial processes.

The rapid expansion of e-commerce in India presents both significant opportunities and formidable challenges, particularly in the context of sustainability. This study explores the pathways to achieving sustainable e-commerce in India by analysing the key challenges and opportunities within the sector. The e-commerce boom has driven economic growth and increased market access, but it has also introduced environmental and logistical issues, such as high carbon emissions, waste management, and supply chain inefficiencies.

The research highlights critical challenges, including the environmental impact of increased packaging and transportation, as well as the need for regulatory frameworks to support sustainable practices. At the same time, it identifies opportunities for integrating green technologies, enhancing digital infrastructure, and adopting circular economy principles. Innovations in logistics, such as electric delivery vehicles and optimized packaging solutions, are explored as potential solutions to mitigate the negative environmental impacts. The study emphasizes the importance of stakeholder collaboration, including government policies, corporate responsibility, and consumer awareness, in driving sustainable practices within the e-commerce sector. By examining successful case studies and best practices, the research provides actionable insights and recommendations for businesses and policymakers to foster an eco-friendly e-commerce ecosystem in India.

This study investigates the primary factors influencing employee retention at private universities in Kurdistan. Given the competitive nature of the academic environment and the challenges faced by higher education institutions in retaining skilled personnel, understanding these factors is crucial for organizational stability and success. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with academic and administrative staff across several private universities in the region. Key factors examined include job satisfaction, compensation and benefits, work-life balance, professional development opportunities, and organizational culture. The study aims to identify the most significant determinants of employee retention and provide actionable recommendations for university administrators to enhance staff retention strategies. The findings contribute valuable insights to the field of human resource management in higher education and offer practical guidance for improving employee retention in Kurdistan’s private university sector.

This study examines the role of cross-subsidy in shaping electricity prices in China, highlighting the mechanisms, impacts, and implications of this practice within the country's energy sector. Cross-subsidy, where electricity tariffs for different consumer groups are adjusted to balance financial burdens, plays a crucial role in China's electricity pricing framework. The research analyzes how these subsidies are distributed among residential, industrial, and commercial sectors, and their effects on energy consumption patterns, economic efficiency, and social equity. Using a combination of quantitative data analysis and policy review, the study provides insights into the effectiveness of cross-subsidy in achieving policy goals such as energy affordability, economic development, and equitable access. Additionally, it explores the challenges and trade-offs associated with cross-subsidy, including its impact on investment in the energy sector and its implications for long-term sustainability. The findings offer valuable perspectives for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers interested in understanding and optimizing electricity pricing strategies in China.

This study explores the application of proportion defective charts as a tool for enhancing quality control in apparel production. Proportion defective charts, a type of control chart used in statistical quality control, monitor the proportion of defective items within production batches to ensure that manufacturing processes remain within acceptable quality limits. By implementing these charts, the study aims to identify variations and trends in defect rates, providing actionable insights for improving quality control measures.

The research involves analyzing data from multiple apparel production lines, focusing on defect rates recorded over a specified period. Through the use of proportion defective charts, patterns of defects are tracked, and the effectiveness of current quality control practices is assessed. The study also examines how these charts can be utilized to detect process deviations early, enabling timely interventions and reducing the overall incidence of defects.