Open Access

Design, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Mobility Model for Search-and-Rescue Teams in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmcsit-v03i03-01

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Ikenna Uzoma Ajere ¹ , Kennedy Oberhiri Obohwemu ¹

, Festus Ituah ¹

, Oluwafemi Emmanuel Ooju ¹

, Oladipo Vincent Akinmade ¹

, Solomon Atuman ¹ , Jennifer Adaeze Chukwu ¹

⁴ MSc,Department of Information Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

⁴ PhD,Department of Interdisciplinary Research and Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

⁴ PhD,School of Health and Sports Science, Regent College, London, United Kingdom; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

⁴ MSc,World Health Organisation, Abuja, Nigeria; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

⁴ MPH,Digital Health and Rights Project (Center for Interdisciplinary Methodologies, CIM), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

⁴ MPH,FHI 360; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

⁴ PhD,World Health Organization, United Nations House, Abuja, Nigeria; and Department of Interdisciplinary' and 'Studies & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Mobility modelling plays a pivotal role in evaluating the performance of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), as the movement patterns of nodes strongly influence routing efficiency, connectivity, and network stability. Existing mobility models, particularly entity and group-based frameworks, have proven useful in simulating various MANET applications but remain limited in capturing the complex movement behaviour characteristic of Search-and-Rescue (SAR) operations in disaster scenarios. This study proposes a realistic hybrid mobility model that integrates the essential features of both entity and group mobility paradigms to better represent the coordinated yet flexible dynamics of SAR teams.

Three sets of simulations were performed using the Network Simulator 2 (NS2). The first and second simulations focused on generating and combining existing entity and group mobility patterns using the BonnMotion tool, resulting in two composite models (Real1 and Real2). The third simulation compared these models using AODV and DSDV routing protocols under varying node mobility levels and traffic conditions. Key performance metrics, including relative mobility, node degree, partition count, link duration, packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, and average end-to-end delay, were analysed.

Results demonstrate that it is feasible to concatenate existing mobility models into a coherent hybrid framework. Among the developed models, Real2 exhibited superior performance in most test conditions, yielding higher PDR, lower delay, and more stable connectivity than its constituent models. These findings confirm that the performance of MANETs is highly dependent on mobility realism. Consequently, selecting a model that accurately reflects the behavioural characteristics of the target scenario is essential for credible MANET performance evaluation in emergency response contexts.

Keywords

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), Mobility Modelling, Hybrid Mobility Model, Search-and-Rescue

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