eISSN: 3087-4289 editor@aimjournals.com
All Journals
Submit your article

International Journal of Modern Computer Science and IT Innovations

Open Access Peer Review International
Open Access

Design, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Mobility Model for Search-and-Rescue Teams in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

DOI https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmcsit-v03i03-01
PDF
Ikenna Uzoma Ajere 1 , Kennedy Oberhiri Obohwemu 1 ORCID iD , Festus Ituah 1 ORCID iD , Oluwafemi Emmanuel Ooju 1 ORCID iD , Oladipo Vincent Akinmade 1 ORCID iD , Solomon Atuman 1 , Jennifer Adaeze Chukwu 1 ORCID iD ,
4 MSc,Department of Information Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4 PhD,Department of Interdisciplinary Research and Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4 PhD,School of Health and Sports Science, Regent College, London, United Kingdom; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4 MSc,World Health Organisation, Abuja, Nigeria; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4 MPH,Digital Health and Rights Project (Center for Interdisciplinary Methodologies, CIM), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4 MPH,FHI 360; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4 PhD,World Health Organization, United Nations House, Abuja, Nigeria; and Department of Interdisciplinary' and 'Studies & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Mobility modelling plays a pivotal role in evaluating the performance of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), as the movement patterns of nodes strongly influence routing efficiency, connectivity, and network stability. Existing mobility models, particularly entity and group-based frameworks, have proven useful in simulating various MANET applications but remain limited in capturing the complex movement behaviour characteristic of Search-and-Rescue (SAR) operations in disaster scenarios. This study proposes a realistic hybrid mobility model that integrates the essential features of both entity and group mobility paradigms to better represent the coordinated yet flexible dynamics of SAR teams.

Three sets of simulations were performed using the Network Simulator 2 (NS2). The first and second simulations focused on generating and combining existing entity and group mobility patterns using the BonnMotion tool, resulting in two composite models (Real1 and Real2). The third simulation compared these models using AODV and DSDV routing protocols under varying node mobility levels and traffic conditions. Key performance metrics, including relative mobility, node degree, partition count, link duration, packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, and average end-to-end delay, were analysed.

Results demonstrate that it is feasible to concatenate existing mobility models into a coherent hybrid framework. Among the developed models, Real2 exhibited superior performance in most test conditions, yielding higher PDR, lower delay, and more stable connectivity than its constituent models. These findings confirm that the performance of MANETs is highly dependent on mobility realism. Consequently, selecting a model that accurately reflects the behavioural characteristics of the target scenario is essential for credible MANET performance evaluation in emergency response contexts.

Keywords

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), Mobility Modelling, Hybrid Mobility Model, Search-and-Rescue

References

Ahmed, B., Moeyaert, V. and Mégret, P., (2025). Latency Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Synchronized Daisy-Chain EtherCAT Networks Using Standard Cable Pairs and Open-Source Master Solutions. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management.
Ajere, I. U., Obohwemu, K. O., Emeka, C., Akabuokwu, K. C., Ooju, O. E., Akadiri, M. O., ... & Sogra, S. F. (2026). A Realistic Hybrid Mobility Model for Search-and-Rescue Teams in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Technology, 3(01), 06-14.
Al-Allaq, Z.J., Shakir, W.M. and Charafeddine, J., (2025). A Comprehensive Review of Cutting-Edge Disaster Response: UAVs Equipped with FSO-Based Communications. Wireless Personal Communications, pp.1-66.
Ali, A.M., Ngadi, M.A., Al_Barazanchi, I.I. and JosephNg, P.S., (2023). Intelligent traffic model for unmanned ground vehicles based on DSDV-AODV protocol. Sensors, 23(14), p.6426.
Alkenani, J. and Nassar, K.A., (2022). Enhanced system for ns2 trace file analysis with network performance evaluation. Iraqi J. Intell. Comput. Informatics, 1(2), pp.119-130.
Alsayyed, M.M., Manickam, S., Wulandari, E.R.N., Widia, I.D.M. and Karuppayah, S., (2025). A Review of Applicable Technologies, Routing Protocols, Requirements, and Architecture for Disaster Area Networks. IEEE Access.
Ammar, H.A., Adve, R., Shahbazpanahi, S., Boudreau, G. and Srinivas, K.V., (2021). RWP+: A new random waypoint model for high-speed mobility. IEEE Communications Letters, 25(11), pp.3748-3752.
Ansari, J.A., Ishak, M.K. and Ammar, K., (2025). Combined Architecture of Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) Routing with Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Blockchain in Cyber-Physical Systems. Computers, Materials & Continua, 82(2).
Ayidu, N.J. and Elaigwu, V.O., (2022). Probability model for User Datagram Protocol (UDP) upstream throughput for single user in real time and non-real time scenarios in IEEE802.11b/g WLAN. NIPES-Journal of Science and Technology Research, 10: 4(2).
Eltahlawy, A.M., Aslan, H.K., Abdallah, E.G., Elsayed, M.S., Jurcut, A.D. and Azer, M.A., (2023). A survey on parameters affecting MANET performance. Electronics, 12(9), p.1956.
Ghazali, F., Anwar, N.F., Gunasegaran, S., Aminordin, A.N., Rafie, M.H., Izham, A.I., Mazlan, M.A., Mahiddin, N.A. and Zakaria, Z.A., (2024). Unveiling the performance of AODV, OLSR, and DSR in flying ad hoc networks. Malaysian Journal of Computing and Applied Mathematics, 7(2), pp.45–57.
Hill, D.R., (2022), October. Reproducibility of simulations and high performance computing. In ESM 2022, European Simulation and Modelling Conference (pp. 5-9).
Iskandarani, M.Z., (2022). Effect of number of nodes and distance between communicating nodes on WSN characteristics. environments, 1, p.6.
Jindal, R., Tripathi, A., Kaur, H. and Sharma, S., (2025). Integrating AI, Robotics, and Augmented Reality in Disaster Management. In Addressing Environmental Challenges With AI, Robotics, and Augmented Reality (pp. 289-324). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
Kagai, F., Branch, P., But, J., Allen, R. and Rice, M., (2024). Rapidly deployable satellite-based emergency communications infrastructure. IEEE Access.
Karaman, B., Basturk, I., Taskin, S., Zeydan, E., Kara, F., Beyazıt, E.A., Camelo, M., Björnson, E. and Yanikomeroglu, H., (2025). Solutions for sustainable and resilient communication infrastructure in disaster relief and management scenarios. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.
Kour, S. and Singh, J., (2022). Performance evaluation of enhanced manhattan mobility model over GM, RWP, Manhattan Grid, SLAW, and TLW mobility models in MANETs. Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications (Formerly: Recent Patents on Computer Science), 15(7), pp.992-1000.
Mabina, A., (2025). Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Performance in Disaster Recovery. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Science, 2(2), pp.105-123.
Mahiddin, N.A., Affandi, F.F.M. and Mohamad, Z., (2021). A review on mobility models in disaster area scenario. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration, 8(80), pp.848-873.
Matracia, M., Saeed, N., Kishk, M.A. and Alouini, M.S., (2022). Post-disaster communications: Enabling technologies, architectures, and open challenges. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 3, pp.1177-1205.
Mohamed, S.M., Hamza, H.S. and Saroit, I.A., (2017). Coverage in mobile wireless sensor networks (M-WSN): A survey. Computer Communications, 110, pp.133-150.
Pasandideh, F., da Costa, J.P.J., Kunst, R., Islam, N., Hardjawana, W. and Pignaton de Freitas, E., (2022). A review of flying ad hoc networks: Key characteristics, applications, and wireless technologies. Remote Sensing, 14(18), p.4459.
Rahman, M.T., Alauddin, M., Dey, U.K. and Sadi, S., (2023). Adaptive, secure and efficient routing protocol to enhance the performance of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). Applied Computer Science, 19(3).
Ramphull, D., Mungur, A., Armoogum, S. and Pudaruth, S., (2021), May. A review of mobile ad hoc NETwork (MANET) Protocols and their Applications. In 2021 5th international conference on intelligent computing and control systems (ICICCS) (pp. 204-211). IEEE.
Razouqi, Q., Boushehri, A., Gaballa, M., Alsaleh, L. and Abbod, M., (2024). Extended comparison and performance analysis for mobile Ad-Hoc networks routing protocols based on different traffic load patterns and performance metrics. Electronics, 13(14), p.2877.
Reddy, B. and Dhananjaya, B., (2022). The AODV routing protocol with built-in security to counter blackhole attack in MANET. Materials Today: Proceedings, 50, pp.1152-1158.
Robertson, E.C., (2025). Weathering the Storm: Examining Mississippi’s Disaster Recovery for Diverse Economic Groups.
Scatà, M., (2025). The Power of Complex Systems: Unlocking Intelligence in Mobile Communication Networks. Springer Nature.
Singh, M., Jhajj, N.K. and Goraya, A., (2022). IoT-enabled wireless mobile ad-hoc networks: introduction, challenges, applications: review chapter. Internet of Things, pp.121-134.
Sirmollo, C.Z. and Bitew, M.A., (2021). Mobility‐Aware Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2021(1), p.6672297.
Smera, C. and Sandeep, J., (2022), October. Networks simulation: Research based implementation using tools and approaches. In 2022 IEEE 3rd Global Conference for Advancement in Technology (GCAT) (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
Whatley, C., (2023). A High-Resolution Hurricane Analysis for the Southeastern United States (Master's thesis, Auburn University).
Wilson, K., Bibby, D., Halford, C. and Galloway, A., (2023). Deployment Strategies for SAR/USAR Teams. In The Path of Flames (pp. 158-178). CRC Press.
Zhang, T., Liu, H., Guo, Z., Xia, D., Kong, L., Zhang, X., Wang, T. and Wang, Y., (2025). Navigating the Complex Landscape of Emergency Rescue: Insights from a Co-Citation Analysis. Current Science, 5(2), pp.1787-1805

Similar Articles

41-50 of 76

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.