Open Access
Cross-Layer Protocol Design and Integration Strategies for IoT and IoRT Convergence: An Analytical Review of Enabling Technologies, Challenges, and Emerging Solutions
4
Faculty of Information Technology Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
4
Department of Cyber Security Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Abstract
The convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT) has introduced a complex heterogeneous ecosystem where sensing, communication, computation, and actuation are tightly interdependent. Traditional layered networking models are increasingly insufficient to support the stringent requirements of latency-sensitive, resource-constrained, and mobility-intensive robotic and IoT environments. This paper presents a comprehensive analytical review of cross-layer protocol design and integration strategies aimed at enabling seamless IoT–IoRT interoperability. It synthesizes existing architectural models, communication protocols, and enabling technologies, highlighting their strengths and limitations in supporting distributed intelligent systems. The study further examines protocol heterogeneity, energy efficiency constraints, reliability issues, and security vulnerabilities in integrated IoT–IoRT deployments. Drawing from established IoT architectures (Atzori et al., 2010; Gubbi et al., 2013), protocol surveys (Al-Sarawi et al., 2017; Sethi and Sarangi, 2017), and robotic IoT extensions (Ray, 2017), the paper identifies critical gaps in cross-layer optimization, adaptive routing, and real-time coordination. The analysis is reinforced by security and attack surface considerations highlighted in IoT systems (Bilal, 2017). The paper concludes by proposing an integrated conceptual framework for cross-layer protocol harmonization to support scalable and resilient IoT–IoRT ecosystems.
Keywords
IoT,
IoRT,
cross-layer design,
communication protocols
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